Many employers assume that an employment relationship begins only on the employee’s first day of work. Under Philippine law, that assumption can expose businesses to significant legal risk. A signed job offer once accepted may already create an employer–employee relationship, even if the employee has not yet reported for work. Understanding this distinction is critical…

Businesses often assume that a contract must be in writing to be enforceable. Under Philippine law, that is not always the case. The Civil Code provides that a contract of sale is perfected by mere consent — when there is agreement on the object and the price. In certain situations, even without a formal written…

The Supreme Court of the Philippines, through its Mandatory Continuing Legal Education Office, has issued MCLE Advisory No. 01, Series of 2025, announcing a final call for lawyers to submit proof of payment for previously paid MCLE fees that remain unverified. This development also confirms the full implementation of the Judiciary ePayment Solution or JEPS,…